Voa Science Report - How Sigmund Freud Changed What People Thought About the Mind

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ONE: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA English. I'm Faith Lapidus. VOICE TWO: And I'm Bob . The work and theories of Sigmund Freud continue to many areas of modern culture. VOICE ONE: Today, we Freud's influence on the treatment of mental disorders through . (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: Sigmund Freud was born May sixth, fifty-six-, in Moravia, in what is now the Czech . He lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. in his adulthood, Freud studied medicine. By the end the nineteenth century, he was developing some exciting new about the human mind. But his first scientific publications with sea animals, including the sexuality of eels. VOICE : Freud was one of the first scientists to make research of the mind. The mind is the collection activities based in the brain that involve how we , think, feel and reason. He used long talks with and the study of dreams to search for the of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis. wanted to see if putting patients into a sleep-like would help ease troubled minds. In most cases he the effects only temporary. Freud worked hard, although what did might sound easy. His method involved sitting with patients and listening to them talk. He had them about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and that entered their mind had to be expressed. There be no holding back because of fear or guilt. TWO: Freud believed that all the painful memories of lay buried in the unconscious self. He said his of the mind contains wishes, desires and experiences too to recognize. He thought that if these memories could be brought into the conscious mind, the patient would feel the pain. But this time, the person would the memories as an adult. The patient would feel , be able to examine them and, if successful, finally them. Using this method, Freud reasoned, the pain and pressure of the past would be greatly weakened. They lose their power over the person's physical health. Soon patient would get better. (MUSIC) VOICE ONE: Sigmund Freud that the mind was divided into three parts: the , the ego and the superego. Under this theory, the acts as a restraint. It is governed by the we learn from our parents and society. The job the superego is to help keep the id under . The id is completely unconscious. It provides the energy feelings that demand the immediate satisfaction of needs and . The ego provides the immediate reaction to the events reality. The ego is the first line of defense the self and the outside world. It tries to the two extremes of the id and the superego. TWO: Many of Freud's theories about how the mind also had strong sexual connections. These ideas included what saw as the repressed feelings of sons toward their and daughters toward their fathers. If nothing else, Freud's were revolutionary. Some people rejected them. Others came to them. But no one disputes his great influence on science of mental health. Professor James Gray at American in Washington, DC.. says three of Freud's major ideas still part of modern thinking about the mind. One the idea of the unconscious mind. Another is that do not necessarily know what drives us to do things we do. And the third is that we formed more than we think in the first five , but not necessarily the way Freud thought. (MUSIC) VOICE : Doctor Freud was trained as a neurologist. He treated of the nervous system. But physical sickness can hide problems. His studies on the causes and treatment of disorders helped form many ideas in psychiatry. Psychiatry is area of medicine that treats mental and emotional conditions. would come to be called the father of psychoanalysis. TWO: Psychoanalysis is a method of therapy. It includes and investigation of hidden fears and conflicts. Sigmund Freud free association. He would try to get his patients free their minds and say whatever they were thinking. also had them talk about their dreams to try explore their unconscious fears and desires. His version of remained the one most widely used until at least nineteen fifties. VOICE ONE: Psychoanalysis is rarely used in United States anymore. One reason is that it takes long time; the average length of treatment is about years. Patients usually have to pay for the treatment . Health insurance plans rarely pay for this form of . Psychoanalysis has its supporters as well as its critics. rates are difficult to measure. Psychoanalysts say this is each individual case is different. VOICE TWO: More recently, number of shortened versions of psychological therapy have been . Some examples are behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral . Behavior is actions; cognition is knowing and judging. Some in therapy want to learn to find satisfaction in they do. Others want to unlearn behaviors that only to their problems. In these therapies, patients might talk a therapist about the past. Or patients might be to think less about the past and more about present and the future. (MUSIC) VOICE ONE: Other kinds therapy involve movement, dance, art, music or play. These used to help patients who have trouble talking about emotions. In many cases, therapy today costs less than used to. But the length of treatment depends on problem. Some therapies, for example, call for twenty or visits with a therapist. How long people continue their can also depend on the cost. People find that insurance plans are often more willing to pay for therapies than for longer-term treatments. VOICE TWO: Mental health say therapy can often help patients suffering from depression, stress or other conditions. For some patients, they say, combination of talk therapy and medication works best. There many different drugs for depression, anxiety and other mental emotional disorders. Critics, however, say doctors are sometimes too to give medicine instead of more time for talk . Again, cost pressures are often blamed. Mental health problems affect work, school, marriage, and life in general. Yet often go untreated. In many cases, people do not others to know they have a problem. VOICE ONE: disorders are common in all countries. The World Health says hundreds of millions of people throughout the world affected by mental, behavioral, neurological or substance use disorders. WHO... says these disorders have major economic and social . Yet governments face difficult choices about health care spending. WHO... says most poor countries spend less than one of their health budgets on mental health. There are for most conditions. Still, the WHO... says there are major barriers. One is lack of recognition of the of the problem. The other is lack of understanding the services that exist. (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: The father psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, left Vienna soon after troops from Germany entered Austria in nineteen thirty-eight-. The Nazis had plan to kill all the Jews of Europe, but permitted Freud to go to England. His four sisters in Vienna and were all killed in Nazi concentration . Freud was eighty-three years old when he died of in London on September twenty-third-, nineteen thirty-nine-. Anna Freud, youngest of his six children, became a noted psychoanalyst . Before Sigmund Freud, no modern scientist had looked so into the human mind. (MUSIC) VOICE ONE: SCIENCE IN NEWS was written and produced by Brianna Blake. I'm Lapidus. VOICE TWO: And I'm Bob Doughty. You can transcripts and audio archives of our programs at voaspecialenglishcom.. again next week for more news about science, in English, on the Voice of America.

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